HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY

3.1 DEFINISI •        Pam adalah sebuah peralatan mekanikal yang menggerakkan cecair dari satu tempat ke satu tempat dengan cara meningkatkan tekanan cecair untuk mengatasi kesan geseran, graviti dan tekanan system beroperasi. 3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMP POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT •        ROTARY •        RECIPROCATING   2.   CENTRIFUGAL •        RADIAL FLOW •        AXIAL FLOW •        MIXED FLOW 3.3 MAIN COMPONENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP •        a)Impeller (with blades) •        b)Casing (to keep the impeller) •        c)Suction pipe (reservoir-pump) •        d)Delivery pipe (pump-delivery point) •        e)Valve (to cont...

INTRODUCTION The hydrologic cycle is the emotion from the ground to the atmosphere and back again. There are many process that involve in hydrologic cycle. The most important part is evaporation , transpiration , condensation , precipitation and surface runoff . HYDROLOGIC CYCLE PROCESS The first step is the change of state of a substance from liquid to gas. For evaporation occur, the energy is required. The energy can come from many sources such as sun, atmosphere and earth. When water evaporate it is raising to atmosphere. At the same time, similar step is occur it is called transpiration. Which it is the evaporation from the plants. It is controlled by the humidity of the atmosphere. When the raising of the water vapour to the atmosphere, condensation is occur. At which it is the change of water vapour to atmosphere change into liquid state. In the atmosphere, condensation appears cloud. In the next step, it is called precipitation. It begin with the water vapour ...

Computation of Average Rainfall over a Basin: To compute the average rainfall over a catchment area or basin, rainfall is measured at a number of gauges by suitable type of measuring devices. A rough idea of the number of the needed rain gauges to be installed in a practical area is depending on experience of the hydrologist although this was determined by the regulation of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In areas where more than one rain gauge is established, following methods may be employed to compute the average rainfall: - Arithmetic average method - Weighing mean method or Thiessen polygon method - Isohyetal method. 5.3.1 Arithmetic Average Method:You This is the simplest method of computing the average rainfall over a basin. As the name suggests, the result is obtained by the division of the sum of rain depths recorded at different rain gauge stations of the basin by the number of the stations. If the rain gauges are uniformly distributed over the ...

Types of streams 1. Perennial streams This stream always has flow. During dry weather, the flow of the perennial stream is base flow which consists of interflow and groundwater flow intercepted by the stream. Streams that feed from underground water reservoir is called effluent streams. Both perennial and effluent stream are typical of humid region. 2. Ephemeral streams These streams have flow only in direct response to effective precipitation. The stream does not intercept groundwater flow, so it has no base flow. Streams that feed water into groundwater resevoirs are called influent streams. Both ephemeral and influent streams are typical of arid and semi arid region. 3. Intermittent streams These streams have mixed charactheristics, acting as perennial stream at some time of the year and as ephemeral stream at other time. Depending on seasonal condition, these streams may feed from or to the groundwater reservoirs.  Flow Measurement 1. Floating Method A...

MSMA- Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia (Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia) What is MSMA? MSMA stands for the  Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia  ( MSMA)  or the   Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia.  It is the drainage design guideline published by the Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia). The document is officially enforced by the Malaysian Government in 2001. It is required by law in Malaysia for all to design drainage works to comply with the requirements of  MSMA . Who is Affected by MSMA ? The groups affected by the implementation of MSMA include various professional groups e.g., civil engineers and engineers from other disciplines, architects, landscape architects, town planners, surveyors, quantity surveyors, environmental scientists and other professionals. Besides the professional groups, the following groups are also affected: developers, contractors, g...